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Hip hop or hip-hop is a cultural movement that formed during the early 1970s among African American and Latino youths residing in the South Bronx in New York City.〔Dyson, Michael Eric, 2007, ''Know What I Mean? : Reflections on Hip-Hop'', Basic Civitas Books, p. 6.〕〔Allatson, Paul. ''Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies''. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2007, 199.〕〔Schloss, Joseph G. ''Foundation: B-boys, B-girls and Hip-Hop Culture in New York''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, 125.〕〔''From Mambo to Hip Hop''. Dir. Henry Chalfant. Thirteen / WNET, 2006, film〕 It became popular outside of the African American community in the late 1980s and by the 2010s became the most listened-to musical genre in the world.〔http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/hip-hop-is-the-most-listened-to-genre-in-the-world-according-to-spotify-analysis-of-20-billion-10388091.html〕 It is characterized by four distinct elements, all of which represent the different manifestations of the culture: rap music (oral), turntablism or DJing (aural), b-boying (physical) and graffiti art (visual). Even while it continues to develop globally in myriad styles, these four foundational elements provide coherence to hip hop culture.〔 The term is often used in a restrictive fashion as synonymous only with the oral practice of rap music. The origin of the hip hop culture stems from the block parties of the Ghetto Brothers, when they plugged the amps for their instruments and speakers into the lampposts on 163rd Street and Prospect Avenue and used music to break down racial barriers, and from DJ Kool Herc at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, where Herc mixed samples of existing records with his own shouts to the crowd and dancers. Kool Herc is credited as the "father" of hip hop. DJ Afrika Bambaataa of the hip hop collective Zulu Nation outlined the pillars of hip hop culture, to which he coined the terms: ''MCing'' or "Emceein", ''DJing'' or "Deejayin", ''B-boying'' and ''graffiti writing'' or "Aerosol Writin".〔(THE HISTORY OF HIP HOP ) Retrieved on August 27, 2011〕 Since its evolution throughout the South Bronx, hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the world. Hip hop music first emerged with Kool Herc and contemporary disc jockeys and imitators creating rhythmic beats by looping breaks (small portions of songs emphasizing a percussive pattern) on two turntables. This was later accompanied by "rap", a rhythmic style of chanting or poetry often presented in 16-bar measures or time frames, and beatboxing, a vocal technique mainly used to provide percussive elements of music and various technical effects of hip hop DJs. An original form of dancing and particular styles of dress arose among fans of this new music. These elements were adapted and developed considerably over the history of the culture. Hip hop is simultaneously a new and old phenomenon; the importance of samplingto the art form means that much of the culture has revolved around the idea of updating classic recordings, attitudes, and experiences for modern audiences—called "flipping" within the culture. It follows in the footsteps of earlier American musical genres such as blues, salsa, jazz, rag-time, and rock and roll in having become one of the most practiced genres of music in existence worldwide, and also takes additional inspiration regularly from soul music, funk, and rhythm and blues. ==Etymology == Keith "Cowboy" Wiggins, a member of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, has been credited with coining the term〔"Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". ''JET'' (April 2, 2007), pp. 36–37.〕 in 1978 while teasing a friend who had just joined the US Army by scat singing the words "hip/hop/hip/hop" in a way that mimicked the rhythmic cadence of marching soldiers. Cowboy later worked the "hip hop" cadence into his stage performance. The group frequently performed with disco artists who would refer to this new type of music by calling them "hip hoppers". The name was originally meant as a sign of disrespect, but soon came to identify this new music and culture. The song "Rapper's Delight", by The Sugarhill Gang, released in 1979, begins with the phrase "I said a hip, hop the hippie the hippie to the hip hip hop, a you don't stop". Lovebug Starski, a Bronx DJ who put out a single called "The Positive Life" in 1981, and DJ Hollywood then began using the term when referring to this new ''disco rap'' music. Bill Alder, an independent consultant, once said, "There was hardly ever a moment when rap music was underground, one of the very first so-called rap records, was a monster hit ("Rapper's Delight" by the Sugar Hill Gang on Sugarhill Records).〔 Hip hop pioneer and South Bronx community leader Afrika Bambaataa also credits Lovebug Starski as the first to use the term "hip hop", as it relates to the culture. Bambaataa, former leader of the Black Spades gang, also did much to further popularize the term. The words "hip hop" first appeared in print on September 21, 1981, in ''The Village Voice'' in a profile of Bambaataa written by Steven Hager, who also published the first comprehensive history of the culture with St. Martins' Press.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zulu Nation: History of Hip-Hop )〕〔(http://www.zulunation.com/hip_hop_history2.htm ) (cached)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hip hop」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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